A citizen, rights and responsibilities and antisocial behaviour Free Essays

string(221) " housing and also that one of the major responsibilities of the citizen is to carry on his/her daily activities of living in such a manner as to show behaviours that are against the neighbourhood in which he/she resides\." Introduction The term ‘citizen’ may literally be used to refer to any person who has acquired or has the status of citizenship. The acquired status is used when the person that is conferred with the citizenship is not originally a citizen of the sovereign nation while, in effect the citizenship has to be earned through set of rules that govern the society. According to Hardy (1997) â€Å"the status of citizen is used to denote the link between an individual and a State, a form of political organization with territorial boundaries which may encompass more than one nation†. We will write a custom essay sample on A citizen, rights and responsibilities and antisocial behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Citizenship is defined by Lewis (2004, p 9) as â€Å"a legal status conferred by an internationally recognised nation – state. This status accords a nationality and the right to make claims against the state and receive a share of the public goods†. Therefore, it can be seen that when an individual has the status of a citizenship, such individual has formed a relationship with the State and this relationship is guided and strengthened by the citizen knowing his/her rights from the State and responsibilities to the State, community and entire neighbourhood. This project focuses on the rights and responsibilities of a citizen with respect to tenancy and how these relate to existing government policies on anti social behaviour. The project will attempt to achieve this focus by fully describing the rights of a citizen from the State and the responsibilities of that citizen to the State, community and entire neighbourhood. Secondly the project will carry out a review of the current government policies on anti social behaviour and how these policies relate to the rights and responsibilities of a citizen. Thirdly, the project will conclude with summary of the overall work. Rights of a citizen When a person has the status of a citizenship, Blackburn (1994) argues that a relationship has been formed with the state which gives the citizen certain rights. However, Marshal (1992, cited in Lewis, 2004) viewed citizenship as a relationship between the individual and a state which gives rise to 3 basic elements of rights – civil, political and social. Civil rights The civil right of a citizen represents the right to freedom of speech, expression, thought and faith and to conclude valid contracts. When a person becomes a citizen, such person has by virtue of the citizenship status acquired the right to freely express him/herself and to put forward opinions about issues affecting the that nation. In addition, the citizenship status comes with the right to equal opportunities and social justice in that society. Political rights The political right of a citizen is the rights that allow the person to vote. The right to vote is an opportunity to demonstrate one’s democratic rights and this is important in a democratic society. The political right also includes the chance to participate in political process such as contesting for electoral positions and being duly elected in the political office. Social rights The social element of the right of a citizen is the right to economic welfare and to fully share the social heritages within the society. One of the social heritages in a society is housing. Blackburn (1994) viewed the right to housing and be housed as one of the idealistic rights of a citizen. Within the context of this project, the housing right (social right) of a citizen will be the subject for main focus. Housing right The citizen has the right to housing (Cowan and Marsh, 2001 and Blackburn, 1994). There are two main sectors in the housing market for a citizen – the owner occupied and the rented sector. The owner occupied housing sector includes the individuals that have undertaken to purchase a property through mortgage and who live in the house by themselves. The house that is purchased may be a leasehold or freehold, but, in either case, the government usually supports the citizens through varying the interest rates and stamp duties. Other form of support by the government is through consultation with the mortgage lenders in reducing the amount of deposit required for the citizens to purchase their own owner occupied houses. These supports are to enable the citizen enforce their rights of housing. The rented housing sector includes the private and public. Private rented sector refers to those that rent out their house through short hold tenancies while the public sector is the assur ed short hold tenancy. The providers of housing to citizens in the public sector include housing associations and local authorities. The local authorities invest in houses and allocate them to citizens on the basis of ‘first come first served’ but attention is given to those with extra-ordinary circumstance or great urgency. The housing associations are not for profit making organisations who provide house to citizens based on their criteria and in view of the nature of the associations, they do not share profits but re-invest them into the activities of the housing. Responsibilities of a citizen The basic right of housing for a citizen is further broken down in the tenancy agreement the citizen enters into with the landlord which states the conditions of the tenancy. The Housing Act 1988 with amendments up to 2004 and the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 protect the citizen from undue harassment, unfair charges and fraudulent practices and also ensure that the property is in good condition for occupancy and illegal evictions. However, in order to fully enjoy the right to housing and the protection as contained in the Tenancy Agreement and the relevant Housing Acts, the citizen is required to fulfill some basic obligations. The citizen has the obligation to act within the law by not engaging in criminal or immoral activities and also to behave in such manners that may not be regarded are against socially accepted corms within the neighbourhood or wider social environment. Therefore, it can be said that one of the rights of a citizen is the right to housing and also that one o f the major responsibilities of the citizen is to carry on his/her daily activities of living in such a manner as to show behaviours that are against the neighbourhood in which he/she resides. You read "A citizen, rights and responsibilities and antisocial behaviour" in category "Essay examples" The term neighbourhood is described by Power (2007, p 17) as â€Å"local areas within towns and cities recognized by people who live there as distinct places, with their own character and approximate boundaries†. The citizen is a member of the neighbourhood and his or her actions will impact all the members of the neighbourhood either directly or indirectly, in effect, the citizen is expected to maintain a pattern of behaviour for the interest of the general neighbourhood. A pattern of behaviour that is not in line with the acceptable behaviours within a neighbourhood is known as anti social behaviour. According to Rose (1996) citizens are considered to be responsible when they pl ay their roles but in a situation that the moral lifestyle of such person is contrary, such person is considered a threat or reproach to the community. According to Cowan and Marsh (2001, p 168) â€Å"the role of the law relevant here is through seeking to uphold particular standards of behaviour†. In the UK, the law that seeks to uphold the standards of behaviours within the neighbourhood is the anti social behaviour contained in the Crime and Disorder Act (1996, 1998) and Ant Social Behaviour Act (2003). Anti Social Behaviours The Good Practice Unite of the Chartered Institute of Housing (CIH 1995, p3) defined antisocial behaviour as â€Å"behaviour that opposes society’s norms and accepted standards of behaviour†. Also the Crime and Disorder Act (1998) described antisocial behaviour as acting â€Å"in a manner that caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more persons not of the same household†. The Anti Social Behaviour Act (2003) identified various forms of behaviours found to be common and these include: noise nuisance; intimidation and/or harassments, littering and graffiti; being violent against neighbours and properties; hate behviours that target an ethnic or gender groups; and use of the property for unlawful business or other purposes. Causes Several reasons have been given by different researchers and organisations as to the reasons that lead to anti social behaviours. Notable among the researchers are Hawkins, Catalano and Miller (1992) who identified risk factors and protective factors.The risk factors involves certain issues of life that have the potential of making people act against the society such as poverty, family problems and problems that arise in the school. The protective factors refer to the presence of some features that may discourage the individual from acting against the society such as bonding and community involvement. The issues of risk and protective factors were further highlighted by the argument of Miller (2005) that neighbourhoods with high crime rate in most cases are traceable to poverty, deprivation and lack of involvement in the community in which the offender resides. Impacts Anti social behaviours has the likelihood of impacting on the members of the neighbourhood, properties and the individual that carries out the behaviour. One of the impacts of antisocial behaviour on the neighbourhood is that it can make withdraw from public places within the area for fear of the safety of their lives thereby and also crumble the service provisions in that area (Rogers and Coaffee, 2005). The Policy Action Team of the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU, 1998, p11) argued that â€Å"if housing is poorly managed or unlettable, or crime and anti social behaviour are not tackled, community support systems can easily crumble†. Secondly, there is the possibility of reducing house prices in the area and increased cost of repairs and cleaning of graffiti as a result of vandalism (Brand and Price, 2000). Also, an area that is notorious for behaviours seen to be contrary to the accepted standards in the society may have a stigma which may make residents decide to relocate or prevent new ones moving in. This problem of stigma was emphasised by Harworth and Manzi (1999, p 163) that there is â€Å"the stigma attached to public rented houses† and that this is the result of behaviours that are usually not in conformity with the accepted norms in the wider society. In order to tackle the problem of anti social behaviour and reduce or eliminate its impacts on the neighbourhood and properties, Cowan and Marsh (2001) suggested the use of basic strategies such as housing management, legal tools and partnering with Social Exclusion Unit. Tackling Anti Social Behaviour in Housing Housing Management Cowan and Marsh (2001) suggested that in order to control the activities of those that perpetrate anti social behaviours, Landlords should control the access to houses by such individuals through the use of housing register. This suggestion implies that those noted for their anti social behaviours should be excluded from having access to houses as a deterrent to others that would want to follow their bad examples. The power for landlords to exclude those whose behaviours are deemed to be against the norms of the society in which they reside (anti social behaviour) is contained in the Part VI of the Housing Act (1996) and research by Smith (2001) found that this exclusion has reduced the rate of antisocial behaviours in most estates. In addition to the use of exclusion as a house management tool for deterrent and preventive measure for dealing with anti social behaviours, Landlords were empowered by the Housing Acts 1996 to adjust the tenancy agreement indicate repossession of properties. In effect, the tenancy agreement fully describes the rights and responsibilities of both parties with particular respect to anti social behaviours and that the Landlord has the right of repossession if the tenant receives anti social behavioural order – an order for carrying out anti social behaviours. On the effectiveness of the use of repossession as a deterrent, the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU, 2000, p 4) argued that â€Å"evicting anti social people does not mea that the problem will go away. Some people will be deterred from future ant social behaviour by the experience of eviction or exclusion from the housing register†. Legal Tools The 1996 Housing Act further gave powers to Landlords (both Local Authorizes and Social Registered Landlords) to deal with their own tenants with respect to anti social behaviours. This Act made individuals responsible for their own actions, those of their households and those of their visitors and empowered landlords to take possession of their properties in the event of anti social behaviour. In applying this power, certain behaviours were banned by Landlords and where the tenant goes against those behaviours, a housing injunction is obtained from the court to arrest the offender. Also the 1998 Housing Act introduced the use of Anti Social Behavioural Order (ASBO) by the police or landlords against offenders as long as they are above the age of 10. Other legal tools include the use of 1996 Noise Act and 1990 Environmental Protection for noisy tenants and those houses not maintained by the tenants. Social Exclusion Unit Partnership While applying both the managerial and legal tools, Cowan and Marsh (2001) further suggested the use of partnership initiatives with the social exclusion unit by landlords and local authorities. The Social Exclusion Unit works with communities, individuals and families to make sure that anti social behaviours are not breached and that to a greater extent avoid repeat or re – offending (SEU, 2000c). Rather than punish those whose behaviours are anti social, through exclusion, repossession or injunction, the social exclusion unit partners with other relevant agencies to produce strategies in the forms of projects that to support the circumstances of the offender. This process involves having a one to one meeting with the offender to identify the causes of the anti social behaviour and the outcome of the discussion forms the basis for suggesting possible support programs to assist the offender where appropriate. The partnership with the social exclusion unit has additional ad vantage of making sure that those who are reacting as a result of their extra ordinary circumstances beyond their control are supported in overcoming such circumstances. Conclusion This project sought to find out about a citizen and how the rights and responsibilities of ‘a citizen’ relate with the current government policies on anti social behaviours. During the course of the project, it was found that citizen describes a person who has the status or acquired the status of citizenship that is, having a form of relationship with the State. Such relationships with the nation that has accorded that person the citizenship status usually comes with political, civil and social rights. The social right of the citizen which formed the basic focus of this project includes the right to housing and being housed. The right of the citizen to be provided with housing protects the citizen from being harassed, unfairly charged or exploited by landlords. However, the right of the citizen to housing requires that the citizen keeps to the conditions of the tenancy agreement among which includes a condition not to act in a manner that will above other things con stitute not conform to the norms of the society/neighbourhood – that is ant social. Furthermore, the project found that where the citizen acts anti social, it may result in crumbling of the service provisions within the neighbourhood (SEU, 1998), reducing house prices as the result of the stigma of crime and violence (Harworth and Manzi, 1999) and increasing cost of repairs and maintenance by the local authorities in cleaning graffiti. In order to tackle the problem of antisocial behaviour, the project found 3 basic strategies as suggested by Cowan and Marsh (2001) and these include housing management, legal tools and partnership with the social exclusion unit. Housing management uses seeks to exclude citizens with anti social behaviours from having access to housing and also repossessing their properties while the legal tool uses injunction. The partnership with the social exclusion unit aims to address the circumstances that create the anti social behaviours of a citizen. Based on the findings during the course of this project, it can be seen that a citizen has a right to housing and that this right comes with responsibilities not to act anti social. Therefore, the current government policy of anti social behaviour seeks to ensure that a citizen, enjoying the right to housing, complies with the responsibilities that come with the right to the housing being enjoyed. The rights are received by the citizen; the responsibilities are the conditions for the rights and the anti social behavior policies ensure that the conditions are kept by the citizen. References Blackburn, R. (1994). Rights of Citizenship. London. Mansell Publishing Ltd Catalano, R.F., Hawkins, J.D. (1996). The Social Development Model: A theory of antisocial behavior. In J.D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and Crime: Current Theories (pp. 149-197) New York: Cambridge CIH (1995). Housing management standards manual. Coventry. CIH Cowan, D. and Marsh, A. (2001). Two steps forward: Housing policy into the new millennium. UK. Polity Press Hardy, H. (1997) ‘Citizenship and the Right to Vote’, 17 Oxford J Legal Stud 76 (1997). Hawkins J.D., Catalano R. F., Miller J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64-105. Lewis, G. (2004). Citizenship Lives Social Policy. UK. The polity Press Millie, A., Jacobson, J., Hough, M. and Paraskevopoulou, A. (2005a) Anti-social behaviour in London – Setting the context for the London Anti-Social Behaviour Strategy, London: GLA Power, Anne (2007a) City Survivors. Bringing up children in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Bristol: The Policy Press. Rogers, P. and Coaffee, J. (2005) ‘Moral panics and urban renaissance: Policy, tactics and youth in public space’, City, 9(3) 321-340. Rose, N. (1996). The death of the social Refiguring the territory of government, Economy and Society, vol 25, no 3, pp 282-99. Social Exclusion Unit (1998). Bringing Britain together: A national strategy for neighbourhood renewal, Cm 4045, London: The stationery Office. Social Exclusion Unit (2000a) Leaflet, London: Cabinet Office Smith, R., Stirling, T. Papps, P., Evans, A. and Rowlands, R. (2001). Allocation and Exclusion: The impact of new approach to allocating social housing, London: Shelter. The 1998 Crime and Disorder Act The 1996 Housing Act How to cite A citizen, rights and responsibilities and antisocial behaviour, Essay examples

Forbidding Mourning free essay sample

John Donne cleverly uses one of the most famous of metaphysical conceits in stanza seven of A Valediction Forbidding Mourning. A metaphysical conceit is like an extended metaphor, in which the poet compares to extremely different objects; usually the comparison involves an abstract concept or emotion, like love, and some other completely random object. John Donnes conceit in stanza seven definitely features a completely random object to be making an appearance in a love poem a compass! Here, Donne compares the lovers souls to the points of a compass: Thy soul, the fixd foot, makes no show To move, but doth, if th other do. Donnes elegant conceit is both ingenious and moving. He uses the physical object to show the heart-felt closeness of the two lovers; when the other far doth roam, It leans, and hearkens after it. Discuss the central message of A Valediction: Forbidding mourning. I would argue that the overwhelming central message of this excellent poem regards the love that the speaker has for his wife, and the way that their years together have forged a kind of connection that is more spiritual than physical. The way in which the poem presents their love as being a force that cannot be separated, even by death itself, is incredibly moving, and forces us to think about the nature of love and how it endures even in the face of darkness and death. One of the most striking and beautiful images of this poem helps us to understand the special nature of the love between the speaker and his wife, who possess a love that is so much refined: If they be two, they are two so As stiff twin compasses are two, Thy soul the fixed foot, makes no show To move, but doth, if thother do. By describing their souls as being like the two feet of a compass, the speaker makes it clear of the kind of union that characterises their relationship. Even when the two feet are apart and separate, they are united, and this unity is shown in the way that, when the other foot far doth roam, the foot that remains in one place leans, and hearkens after it / And grows erect, as that comes home. The overwhelming message of this poem therefore concerns a love that is so based in unity and trust that even death itself cannot separate the two souls of the speaker and his wife. gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt;gt; The subject of the simile about metallurgy begun in line 17 is the refining of gold, in which all dross and impurities are removed and only the purest and most valuable gold remains. The speaker also refers to the malleability of gold to suggest that even when lovers are apart they are still united, just like a sheet of delicate gold foil (line 24) that stretches between the loved ones so that they are still and always connected to each other. This metaphor supports the conviction that this love is deep and lasting; not merely valuable as some readers who have not digested all of the previous stanzas will reply. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Explain the conceit in lines 25-36 of A Validation and what suggests about love. A conceit is an extended, clever metaphor that is usually considered pushed to its end degree. In Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, Donne is speaking to his wife, whom he must leave to go on a trip abroad. Throughout the poem he has used a variety of metaphors to explain that he and his wifes love is superior to everyone else and that it can more easily undure a separation, because it is so strong. He uses a conceit in the last three stanzas of the poem to better illustrated how their relationship works. He says, if we are two people, then let us be two like the two legs a compass. (The kind of compass you would use to draw a perfect circle. He explains that he is the fixed foot in the center it holds the other leg in position and keeps it in line so that it can do its job, and return to where it started and therefore make a perfect circle. If Donne, then, is the moving foot he is the one that must run, but because of her steady love, he will return, and make me end where I begun. The is a great example of a metaphysical conceit in poetry. Compasses are NOT an obvious symbol of love, but with twleve short lines he makes his love and connection to his wife perfectly clear! It is very clever, extended, and pushed to the limit. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9-12 Moving of th earth brings harms and fears, Men reckon what it did, and meant; But trepidation of the spheres, Though greater far, is innocent. The third stanza of the poem, which includes lines 9-12, compares dramatic upheavals on earth and in heaven. Lines 9-10 address these upheavals on earth, specifically as they are manifest in earthquakes (moving of th earth line 9). The poet is saying that these phenomenon bring fear and wonder to men and cause great destruction and turmoil, but upheavals in the heavens (trepidation of the spheres line 11), although more significant, receive less notice because we cannot physically see nor feel them. By introducing this theme, the poet is setting the stage for a comparison of physical vs. spiritual love later in the poem. In A Valediction Forbidding Mourning, line 5, how is the image of melting relevant to the poem? Line 5: So let us melt, and make no noise Let us remember that the speaker of this poem is telling his wife not to mourn him when he dies, as the title suggests. The first two stanzas of this unforgettable poem therefore urge the wife to behave with quiet dignity when they part, just as virtuous people die without drama or display. You need to be aware that the first stanza is a simile which offers the comparison of people parting with dignity to show the wife how she and the speaker of the poem should part: As virtuous men pass mildly away, And whisper to their souls, to go, Whilst some of their sad friends do say, The breath goes now, and some say no: Like this, therefore, the speaker encourages his wife to say goodbye to him. The image of melting in the poem is thus used as a metaphor to reinforce this image rather than spontaneously and quickly burn, they are to express their feelings and love for each other slowly and with respect, just as candles melt slowly and gradually not with tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move, because, as the speaker says in the second stanza, to react in this undignified manner would actually spoil the sacredness of their love. No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move The speaker then speaks of dramatic events of heaven, how large and momentous they are, but how innocent they are as well, because people on earth can not feel their effects: But trepidation of the spheres, Though greater far, is innocent He moves on to the basis of his argument, the argument for why the two lovers should not mourn their time apart. His claim is that a parting between lovers is impossible (in a metaphysical sense). He suggests first that they share a soul, because both of their souls are made of the same material and so are the same. Therefore, by sharing a soul, they can not be divided: Our two souls therefore, which are one, Though I must go, endure not yet A breach, but an expansion, Like gold to airy thinness beat. As seen above, their souls can not be separated but only expanded with the space that divides him. He moves on to argue that, if they do indeed have two separate souls, those souls are so interconnected that the same is true they can never really be apart.    No matter where one of them goes, the other will be a foot that grounds the other soul in place so that it may return, as in a circle: Such wilt thou be to me, who must, Like th other foot, obliquely run; Thy firmness makes my circle just, And makes me end where I begun. It is a clever, spiritual argument to stop the sorrow of a separation, and is an excellent example of metaphysical poetry, which mixes the spiritual with the earthly in its expression.

Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle

Introduction Electronic home appliances have become a vital aspect of human life in contemporary world. They range from mobile phones, television sets, computers, radios, and cookers. It is noted that such gadgets are intended to make life more enjoyable. However, the intention notwithstanding, there is an emerging trend where the same machines pose a danger to the environment (Vallero Brasier 2008, p. 217).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, stakeholders and policy makers have developed a number of frameworks to monitor and minimise the negative effects that electronic appliances have on the environment. One such concept is the Life Cycle Analysis (herein referred to as LCA). According to Crawford (2008, p. 496), LCA is regarded as a technique that is essential in understanding the environmental impacts of a given product. The current essay is written against this background. In the paper, the author examines the environmental impacts of a toaster. The report seeks to develop a concept to redesign a sandwich toaster. The aim is to ensure that the appliance is environmentally friendly. The paper begins by addressing the weaknesses of the gadget. The analysis is based on the knowledge acquired by the author with regards to LCA (Zamagni 2012, p. 375). Thereafter, a critical review of the implications of these weaknesses is provided. At the end of the paper, a new design for the toaster is proposed. The envisaged design has two major benefits. First, it is expected to improve the performance of this appliance. Secondly, the new model will alter the components of the toaster, reducing its negative effects on the environment. Weaknesses of the Sandwich Toaster Trusty (2010, para. 3) is of the opinion that the energy consumption associated with various home appliances should be re viewed from an environmental perspective. A domestic electronic gadget, such as a toaster, is essential in the production of sandwiches. It is very convenient as it eases the whole process of food preparation. However, the materials used in manufacturing and designing the machine have varying effects on the environment. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012, para. 3) has tried to address this issue. The organisation advocates for the utilisation of eco-friendly appliances at home and in the office. The need to reduce negative ecological impacts necessitates the redesign of appliances. Such remodelling improves the performance and ‘eco-friendliness’ of the said machine. Today, there are diverse culinary techniques that require similarly diverse appliances to execute. Pastry lovers will agree that toasted bread is a delicacy that saves a lot of time and eliminates the need to rush to the coffee shop. When prepared at home, such snacks tend to bring the f amily together and reduce expenditure on unnecessary inputs. As a result of this, a toaster is one of the appliances whose role is realised when there is a need to prepare bread and other types of food.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lowell (2009, para. 3) affirms that most modern kitchens contain this vital appliance. In terms of power consumption, Lowell (2009, para. 4) points out that a typical toaster requires an average of 900 watts. At this level of consumption, such machines are usually used to toast two slices of bread at once. The only way to understand and redesign a given machine is by analysing its various components (Horne, Grant Verghese 2009, p. 43). The structure of a simple appliance, such as a mobile phone, is characterised by dozens of parts. Each of these parts is designed to play a specific role. The various roles are synchronised to achieve the overa ll functionality of the machine. Murielle (2011) provides an illustration of the materials used in the packaging of an average toaster. A review of the structure of this machine reveals that most of the components used are manufactured through industrial processes that are harmful to the environment. As a result of this, the finished product is associated with a number of shortcomings as far as its use is concerned. The varying weaknesses have serious ramifications to the surroundings. It is important to understand the uses of a given appliance. Such an understanding enables one to determine the inefficiencies, if any, that are linked to the machine (Hendrickson, Lester Scott 2006, p. 39). Murielle (2011, para. 4) indicates that most heating appliances used around the home are made of steel. As a result, they consume a lot of electricity. In light of this, it appears that the first weakness associated with a toaster, as a domestic appliance, has to do with its energy consumption. A ccording to Guo (2012, p. 47), most heating appliances consume approximately 5% of the total power in a home setting. Since a toaster falls under this category of gadgets, it follows that its kilowatt-hour consumption is quite high. Vogtlander (2011, p. 76) points out that many appliances that are used domestically are made from synthetic materials. Owing to the complexity of their applications, machines like toasters require artificial materials that are inexpensive to produce (Vogtlander 2009, p. 104). An example of a commonly used component in manufacturing these machines is phenol formaldehyde. An average toaster is made up of several parts that are designed using this material. Bakerlite is another common substance used in producing heating components. Smil (2013, p. 88) argues that most ecological problems arise from synthetic materials that fail to decompose when their life span expires. The hypothesis is based on the fact that all appliances have a certain duration within wh ich they are expected to last (Vogtlander, Maestre, Rosan, Arno Reene, 2013, p. 66). A skeletal observation of a toaster indicates that it is manufactured using most of these synthetic items. For example, its plug contains bakerlite, whereas its handle cover is coated with phenol formaldehyde.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The explanation illustrated above indicates that appliances made from synthetic materials have a negative effect on the environment. Guo (2012, p. 93) is of the opinion that this is one of the weaknesses of these products. As already indicated, most of the components found in a toaster are made using the aforementioned man-made materials. The observation highlights the second shortcoming as far as a toaster is concerned. The life cycle analysis suggests that appliances should be made fr om bio-degradable materials. The objective of such a preference is to ensure that a given machine can be safely and effectively recycled upon the expiry of its life cycle. Another element associated with the life cycle of an appliance, such as a toaster, involves its packaging. Vogtlander et al. (2013, p. 103) argue that any product should be packaged in a manner that conforms to the stipulated safety standards. The standards are formulated to ensure that the pack can be recycled. An example of such a scenario involves packing the product in a biodegradable material like cardboard. Such items decompose easily and are eco-friendly. Pablo (2009, p. 172) points out that most electrical appliances are packed together with several accompaniments. To this end, it is common to find such elements as manuals and other wrappings in the container used to pack a machine like a toaster. The appliances may be wrapped in multiple layers of plastic material. Such a presentation adds to the gadgetâ €™s shortcomings with regards to disposal. Plastic, as aforementioned, is a synthetic material. As a result, a toaster with such kind of packaging is an ecological hazard in itself. The wrappers add to its weaknesses. Figure 1 below illustrates a typical toaster: Figure 1: A cross section of the sandwich toaster Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From figure 1 above, it appears that the most conspicuous aspect of the appliance is the extended heating material. The curved copper element arcs across the inner surface of the plates. One places their sandwich on the rectangular part (Murielle (2011, para. 4). Evidently, a lot of heat is lost during the toasting process. The heat dissipates into the regions that are not in contact with the bread. In addition, the toaster has a phenol formaldehyde casing that acts as an insulator. The same is indicated by the darkened regions on the diagram. The material used to make the handles should be biodegradable to make the recycling process easier Implications of the Weaknesses Klopfer and Grahl (2014, p. 83) are of the opinion that the performance and durability of an appliance are directly linked to the machine’s shortcomings. The said weaknesses have several implications on the functionality of this gadget. Such weaknesses should be addressed to improve the overall quality of the item. In life cycle analysis, such a product as a toaster is expected to complete its cycle. The phases run from the time it was manufactured to the recycling point. The inability to complete the span implies that the performance of that appliance is compromised (see Figure 2 below). Figure 2: Life Cycle of an Appliance Adapted from: Klopfer and Grahl (2014) From Figure 2, it is evident that an appliance undergoes several stages that make up its ‘life’. The phases are evident in spite of the fact that the machine is inanimate in nature. Roughly, there are four phases in the life of an appliance. As indicated in the figure above, the stages start with the preparation of raw materials and end with the recycling of the product (Alastair 2009, p. 151). In some cases, shortcomings may inhibit the flow of the cycle. Under such circumstances, overall performance is affected (Esty Simmons 2011, p. 188). The discourse provided in the previous section reveals that the major w eaknesses of a sandwich toaster are related to its energy consumption, packaging, and difficulty in disposal. Curran (2012, p. 93) argues that it is possible to regulate the rate at which an appliance consumes power. The major components of the sandwich toaster, as illustrated in figure 1 above, comprise of steel and copper heating materials. The abundant use of these elements is responsible for the high consumption of electricity. The use of energy is further compounded by the quality of steel used to assemble the product. Poor quality steel translates to high energy consumption (Chapman 2005, p. 187). The case is the same for copper with impurities. Appliances that utilise a lot of energy lead to increased demand for electricity, which has a ripple effect on the environment. Today, fossil fuels and a host of other non-renewable energy sources account for most of the electrical power produced in the world (Klopfer Grahl 2014, p. 97; Thwaites 2011, p. 109). Alastair (2009, p. 106) is emphatic that fossil fuels contribute to environmental degradation. As such, appliances whose electrical consumption is high lead to increased massive ecological deprivation. The exploitation emanates from the fact that a lot of fossil fuels will be required to produce electricity. On a more positive note, high demand for energy gives rise to the formulation of innovative measures. Curran (2012, p. 100) suggests that the need for environmental protection has triggered the development of alternative sources of energy. The existence of appliances whose power consumption is high means that the demand for energy in the market will persist. Innovation is needed to come up with appliances with low power consumption. The objective of these interventions is to minimise environmental degradation by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The other major weakness discussed in the previous section is the difficulty of recycling a toaster. According to Chapman (2005, p. 129), life cycle analysis has specific guidelines that should be followed in disposing an item. The analysis requires the appliance to be re-used to prevent the generation of more synthetic materials. As already indicated in this report, the need to recycle is governed by the element of environmental conservation. To this effect, an appliance that is assembled using materials that pose a challenge during the recycling process will increase environmental degradation. Proposed Redesign of the Toaster According to Energy.gov (2013, para. 2), the rising demand for electrical appliances leads to a proportionate increase in demand for energy. The aspect of environmental protection comes in when the energy is produced in a manner that is not eco-friendly. Kibert (2012, p. 163) insists that it is important to manufacture appliances that consume less power. The interaction between such gadgets and the environment is not harmful. The scenario illustrates the need to dismantle the typical toaster and come up with a new design that addresses the aforementioned weaknesses. To enhance the performance of an electrical appliance, the preferred redesign should be based on the incremental improvement of the constituent components. Horne et al. (2009, p. 96) hold the opinion that such re-engineering is achieved by substituting the unnecessary material. However, the replacement should be done in a way that does not interrupt the functions of the device. On the contrary, the functions should be improved (Horne et al. 2009, p. 96). With regards to the toaster addressed in this report, it is important to make several changes as far as packaging is concerned. Pablo (2009, p. 61) argues that most clients misplace the instruction manuals that come with an appliance. The few who retain the papers end up disposing them at some point. To address this issue, manufacturers of a simple machine like toaster should consider printing the instructions on a section of the actual device. For example, the instructions may b e embossed at the bottom of the machine. Such a modification will help to reduce the adverse effects that papers and plastics have on the environment. The same will also ease the recycling process, meeting the specifications laid down by LCA. The power cable is another aspect of the toaster that requires redesigning. According to Murielle (2011, para. 5), the plastic cords can be redesigned to improve functionality. Plastics are non-biodegradable, something that complicates the recycling process. It is advisable to replace the long cables with a shorter version, which further insulates the toaster. Still on the subject of insulation, the phenol formaldehyde used to coat the handles should be replaced with a bio-degradable material like bamboo (Crawford 2008, p. 500). The most important aspect of a toaster is its heating capabilities. Murielle (2011, para. 5) holds that the only way to improve the performance of a toaster is to enhance its heating qualities. Such an improvement calls for increased insulation by covering the exposed parts. In addition, manufactures can make use of components with little electrical resistance. One such material is copper with very few impurities. The new design should avoid having the copper arc across the cross-section of the plates. Instead, the sandwich toaster should have the heating material concentrated on the sections where the bread is placed. The same helps to distribute the heat evenly. Murielle (2011, para. 4) posits that an even distribution of heat helps to hasten the heating process, which reduces the amount of electricity spent. The major objective of the proposed modifications is to enhance the performance of the machine and improve its efficiency (Alastair 2009, p. 73). Redesigning a toaster is meant to enhance the quality of the toasted bread and eliminate components that have a negative effect impact on the environment. In addition, the proposed design will make it possible for the toaster to go through the com plete ‘life cycle’ with little or no hindrances. The objective is realised through the elimination of non- biodegradable materials, which are replaced with those that are friendlier to the environment. The proposed design is illustrated in figure 3 below: Figure 3: A cross section of the re-designed toaster The figure above makes it obvious that the new toaster is significantly different from the old one. The surface area covered by the heating filament has increased. Each of the sections in the plates has a portion of the heating filament running on it. The thickness of the copper has also decreased to reduce energy consumption (Alastair 2009, p. 113). The insulating material has been changed from the initial phenol formaldehyde to bamboo. The new insulator has properties that allow it to reduce heat loss into the environment. As a result, most of the heat energy is retained within the toaster. The same helps to reduce the time spent in burning the bread. The ripple e ffect is that a smaller amount of electricity is spent. Conclusion The recommendations made in this report are important in enhancing the performance of various machines used in the home and in the office. According to Chapman (2005, p. 108), the human race is heading to an era where electronic appliances will be vital components of life. At the same time, there will be increased demand for energy. All these developments need to address the issue of sustainable source of energy. The design of new appliances should help in conserving the environment and minimising energy consumption. The recommended and remodelled toaster responds to the weaknesses of the standard machine and makes it more efficient. The efficiency of other appliances must also be enhanced. However, the new designs should not impair the normal functioning of the product. References Alastair, F 2009, The eco-design handbook: a complete sourcebook for the home and office, Thames Hudson Publishers, London. Chapman, J 2 005, Emotionally durable design: objects experiences and empathy, Routlege, New York. Crawford, R 2008, ‘Validation of a hybrid life-cycle inventory analysis method’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 88 no. 3, pp. 496-506. Curran, A 2012, Life cycle assessment handbook: a guide for environmentally sustainable products, Wiley, London. Energy.gov 2013, Estimating appliance and home electronic energy use. Web. Esty, C Simmons, P 2011, The green to gold business playbook: how to implement sustainability practices for bottom-line results in every business function, Wiley, London. Guo, M 2012, Life cycle assessments (LCA) of lightweight eco-composites, Springer, New York. Hendrickson, T, Lester, B Scott, H 2006, Environmental life cycle assessment of goods and services: an input-output approach, Routlege, London. Horne, R, Grant, T Verghese, K 2009, Life cycle assessment: principles practice and prospects, Collongwood, CSIRO Publishing. Kibert, J 2012, Sustainable construction: green building design and delivery, Wiley, London. Klopfer, W Grahl, B 2014, Life cycle assessment, Wiley, London. Lowell, J 2009, Environmentally friendly toaster saves planet and breakfast. Web. Murielle, 2011, Creating and maintaining an eco-friendly kitchen. Web. Pablo, L 2012, Bamboo: a sustainable solution for Western Europe design cases LCAs and land-use, VSSD, Delft. Smil, V 2013, Making the modern world: materials and dematerialization, Wiley, London. Thwaites, T 2011, The toaster project: or a heroic attempt to build a simple electric appliance from scratch, Princeton Architectural Press, Princeton. Trusty, W 2010, An overview of life cycle assessments: part one. Web. United States Environmental Protection Agency 2012, Risk management sustainable technology: life cycle assessment (LCA). Web. Vallero, D Brasier, C 2008, Sustainable design: the science of sustainability and green engineering, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New Jersey. Vogtlander, G 2009, LCA-bas ed assessment of sustainability: the eco-costs/value ratio EVR, VSSD, Delft. Vogtlander, G 2011, A quick reference guide to LCA data and eco-based materials selection, VSSD, Delft. Vogtlander, G, Maestre, A, Rosan, H, Arno, S, Reene, W. 2013, Eco-efficient value creation, sustainable design and business strategies, Delft Academic Press, Delft. Zamagni, A 2012, ‘Life cycle sustainability assessment’, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, vol. 17 no. 4, pp. 373-376. This report on Redesigning a SandwichToaster to Improve its Performance and Life Cycle was written and submitted by user Seamus Beck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Theorems Essays - Quadrilaterals, Elementary Geometry, Free Essays

Theorems Essays - Quadrilaterals, Elementary Geometry, Free Essays Theorems postulate1-3given AB and a # r between 0 and 180, there is exactly one ray w/ endpoint A,extending on each side ofAB, such that the measure of the angle formed is r postulate1-4if r is in the interior of pqs,then Mpqr+Mrqs=Mpqs.if Mpqr+Mrqs then R is in thr interior of angle pqs postulate 2-2through any 3 points not on the same line there is exactly one plane law of detachmentif P*Q is a true conditional and P is true,then Q is true law of syllogismif P*Q and Q*R are true conditionals,then P*R is also true theorem2-1congruence of segments is reflexive,symmetric and transitive theorem2-2if 2 angles form a linear pair, then they r supplementary angles theorem2-3congruence of angles is reflexive,symmetric,and transitive theorem2-4angles supplementary to the same angle or to the congruent angles r congruent theorem2-5angles complementary to the same angle or to congruent angles r congruent theorem2-6all right angles r congruent theorem2-7vertical angles r congruent theorem2-8perpindicular lines intersect to form 4 right angles skew lines-2 lines r skew if they dont intersect and r not in the samn plane postulate3-1 if 2 // lines r cut by a transversal,then each pair of corresponding angles is congruent theorem3-1if 2 // lines r cut by a transversal,then each pair of alternate interior angles in congruent theorem3-2if 2 // lines r cut by a transversal,then each pair of consec. int. angles is supp. theorem3-3if 2 // lines r cut by a transversal,then each pair of alternate ext. angles is congruent theorem3-4in a plane,if a line is perp. to 1 of 2 // lines,then it is perp. to the other postulate3-42 nonvertical lines have the same slope if and only if they r //. postulate3-52 nonvertical lines r perp. if and only if the product of their slopes is -1 theorem4-3the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the 2 remote interior angles CPCTC- 2 triangles r congruent if and only if their corresponding parts r congruent theorem4-4congruence of triangles is reflexive,transitive and symmetric theorem4-6if 2 sides of a triangle r congruent,then the angles opp. the sides r congruent theorem4-7if 2 angles of a triangle r congruent,then the sides opp. those angles r congruent theorem4-3a triangle is equilateral if and only if it is equiangular theorem5-1 a point on the perp. bisector of a seg. is equidistant from the endpoints of the seg. theorem5-2a point equidistant from the endpoints of a seg. lies in the perp. bisector of the seg. theorem5-3a point on the bisector of an angle is equidistant from the sides of the angle theorem5-4a point in the interior of or on an angle and equidistant from the sides of an angle lies on the bisector of the angle theorem5-5if the legs of 1 rt. triangle r congruent to the corr. legs of another rt. triangle, then the triangles r congruent theorem5-6if the hypotenuse and an acute angle of 1 rt. triangle r congruent to the hyp. and corr. acute angle of another rt. triangle,then the 2 triangles r congruent theorem5-9if 1 side of a triangle is longer than the other side,then the angle opp. the longer side is greater than the angle opp. the shorter side theorem5-11the perp.seg. froma point to a line is ythe shortest seg. from the point to the line theorem5-12the sum of the lenghts of any 2 sides of a triangle is greater than the lenght of the third side theorem6-1opp. sides and angles of a parallelogram r congruent theorem6-4the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other theorem6-5if both pairs of opp. sides of a quad. r congruent,the the quad is a parallelogram theorem6-6if 1 pair of opp. sides of a quad. r both parallel and congruent, then the quad. is a parallelogram theorem6-7if the diagonals of a quad. bisect each other,then the quad. is a parallelogram theorem6-8if both pairs of opp. angles in a quad r congruent,then the quad is a parallelogram theorem6-9if a paralellogram is a rectangle then its diagonals r congruent theorem6-10the diagonals of a rhombus r perp. theorem6-11each diagonal of a rhombus bisects a pair of opp. angles theorem6-12both pairs of base angles of an isoceles trapezoid r congruent theorem6-13the diagonals of an isoceles trapezoid r congrient theorem6-14the mediand of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases and its measure is one half the sum of the measures of the bases

Advanced Financial Reporting and Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advanced Financial Reporting and Theory - Essay Example This accelerated growth is a result of advancements in information technology. There are two different aspects of information technologies which have affected the global business scenario. These technologies have made micro management of businesses very easy and secondly they have totally revolutionized communication. Systems like SAP make it possible to micro manage organizational divisions from thousands of miles away using information technology communication tools. All multinationals have adopted these systems and through these systems have been able to expand all around the globe. Moreover organizations strive to compete in international markets and adapt to changing market needs. Thus to compete with international conglomerates, local organizations have to evolve themselves according to global systems. Similar to organizations other stakeholders of financial information are also becoming global; these include financial investors, financial analyst, auditors etc. Global financia l houses such as Goldman Sachs etc. have presence all around the global. Similarly companies such as Deloittes, KPMG, PWC and Ernest & Young are present in almost all countries of the world. Direct users of financial information o i.e. shareholders are also becoming more and more global. Most exchanges whether currency, stock or bond have online trading systems. These trading systems allow investors to invest anywhere around the globe. The financial troubles of the US and European economy are another factor encouraging investors to adopt global investment options in emerging markets such as China, Brazil etc. The financial crunch in the global capital markets is also forcing local regulatory bodies to adopt financial practices which would encourage more international investors to invest. The primary concern for international investors in regard to financial regulations, is the reliability of the financial information being provided. The recent financial crisis has raised many object ions of financial reporting standards of financial bodies such as banks and investment houses. Therefore to attract more international investments, efforts are being made to make the local financial systems more stern and risk free. The ultimate aim of these efforts is to increase the understanding, comparability and reliability of financial information. The discussion shows that users of financial information require accounting standards which are global. As the organizations, shareholders, investors and analyst go global, the accounting standards all need to be global. The cost in translating financial statements from standard to the other is very high considering the current recession. Similarly the movement towards increased transparency requires standards which are more strict and provide greater amounts of objective information to shareholders. This is the very reasons that a global movement towards harmonization and globalization of Financial Reporting Standards has materiali zed. The International Financial Reporting Standards have become the global financial reporting standards and would totally overcome the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). The biggest advantage of IFRS thus has been the globalization of accounting standards by formulating standards which are efficient and effective in different cultural and operational environment. These standards are more transparent in their reporting requirement and encourage economic stability over a long period of time. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) The IFRS are Financial Reporting Standards created by the International Accounting Standards Board. These standards

Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Operation Management - Essay Example This achievement can be credited to the attribute and analysis of Etisalat's widespread network, that characterizes UAE as one of the developed countries in the world in terms of unified and the best quality mobile connection (Etisalat, 2013). Research question 1) What are the concepts of operations management at Etisalat? 2) What are the weak points of operations system in Etisalat? Mission and vision statement Vision This vision is a community where populaces' reach is not restrained by issues or detachment; a society where individuals will naturally keep in touch with friends and family; a society where companies of different extents can make contemporary sales without the confines of distance and transportation (Etisalat, 2013). Mission Etisalat task is to lengthen publics' influence (Etisalat, 2013). Etisalat is developing superior networks that will make people to advance, acquire, and develop. The company has been in the forefront in technological inventions, involving a netwo rk of 3.75 installed in Egypt. Furthermore, Etisalat owns popular stocks in Thuraya, a controlling supplier of cable telephony (Etisalat, 2013). How Etisalat delivers its products to the customer Etisalat employs workforces that are highly skilled and obtained from twenty different nations, mainly contribute to the achievement of the company. Using expertise in working modern and technically advanced apparatus, the workers conduct widespread testing measures at every production stage (Etisalat, 2013). Its products are presently marketed in over forty countries across the world. Approximately fifty five per cent of Escalate's sales are achieved out of the UAE marketplace, as Etisalat aims at penetrating new markets in Asia and Africa (Etisalat, 2013). Explain the competitive priorities of the company A business should be involved in satisfying its clients' needs for quick and reliable services at affordable cost, as well as assisting its own providers in increasing facilities they pr esent (Slack and Lewis, 2007).There are five crucial aims and they concern all kinds of procedures. These are cost, quality, flexibility, and speed (Slack and Lewis, 2007).The following are the competitive priorities of the company of Etisalat telephone; cost, quality, flexibility, and speed as presented in the following table (Etisalat, 2013). Table 1.1 Cost, quality, flexibility and speed Cost refers to the actual price of the commodity. It should be noted that low cost is generally attractive to clients, which can be realized by manufacturing commodities at lower prices. Quality refers to organizing things in the right manner by providing goods and services that are perfect, which in turn satisfies the customers. Flexibility refers to implementing things quickly for clients to receive their commodities or services. Speed refers to doing things fast, to reduce the time between the demand and the invention or service that provides the client speed benefit. Marketing strategies A st rategy refers to an enduring proposal to attain certain aims. Marketing strategy refers to a marketing proposal designed to attain selling objectives (Slack and Lewis, 2007). Etisalat aims at producing the best quality telephone that cannot be found in any other company in UAE (Etisalat, 2013). Operation strategies This is the total outline of suggestions

Critically Analyse the Effectiveness of the Strategies Utilised in the Essay

Critically Analyse the Effectiveness of the Strategies Utilised in the US and UK to tackle the Purported Rise in Knife or Gun Crime - Essay Example Many have warned that storing of firearms in homes would increase the cause of violent deaths (Some facts about guns. 2007). Even though many laws were framed by the authorities in US to curtail the carrying and possession of fire arms, it did not decrease the death rate due to firearms. In 2008 the US Supreme Court made a historic decision that ratified the decision by the district to curtail the rights of citizens to carry firearms in the city. The supreme court opinioned that action by the district is a clear violation of denying individual rights and freedom for carrying firearms. Persons who advocated against ban of carrying firearms put forward statistics related to crime and deaths in the US. In 1993, there were over one million firearm related crimes in the country. In 2005, it declined to 500000 incidents. They also pointed that firearms are not the only reason for violent deaths in the US. However records of the FBI clearly suggest that many crimes including homicides are related to firearms (Tartar.A 2008). In UK increase in suicides was due to use of firearms at home. To prevent crimes related to possession of firearms, UK passed two firearms amendment acts of 1997. Due to the passing of the act, there was a decrease of possession of handguns in Britain. Many handguns were handed over to the police by the individuals (Some facts about guns. 2007). It is estimated that American citizens uses firearms for at least 764000 times in a year to defend themselves. In 1976, Washington DC enacted a virtual ban on handguns. During 1976 and 1991, Washington DC’s homicide rates grew 200 % and the US rate grew by only 12%.The US government has passed the right to carry laws which requires the law enforcement agencies to issue permits to handguns to all applicants who are qualified. Licenses are issued considering age, clean criminal record, completion of firearms safety course etc. In 1986, nine states in the US had right to carry laws. In